What is a varicocele?
A varicocele is an enlargement of veins around the testicle. Many men have no symptoms or fertility problems. A urologist assesses it by examination; ultrasound may help when the findings are unclear. [1, 2]
When might treatment help?
For fertility, repair may be considered when a varicocele is felt on examination, semen results are abnormal and the couple is having difficulty conceiving. A finding on ultrasound alone is usually not a reason for fertility surgery. Both partners’ circumstances matter. [1]
What if the main concern is pain?
Persistent discomfort may justify a treatment discussion after assessment for other causes. Surgery does not guarantee pain relief. [2, 3]
What does microsurgery involve?
Through a small groin incision, the surgeon uses a microscope to identify and close abnormal veins. Observation and radiological embolisation may be alternatives. Risks include bleeding, infection, recurrence, fluid around the testicle and, rarely, injury to its blood supply. [2, 3]
What should I expect afterwards?
Recovery instructions are individual. If surgery is for fertility, follow-up semen testing is commonly arranged around three months. Improvement and pregnancy are not guaranteed. Bring previous semen analyses and imaging to your consultation. [2, 3]
Sources & further reading
- AUA/ASRM — Male infertility guideline ↗
- Urology Care Foundation — Varicoceles ↗
- BAUS — Microsurgical repair of a varicocele (PDF) ↗
This guide draws on the sources above and does not replace an individual clinical assessment.
Questions to understand your options
Write down questions about alternatives, risks and expectations to discuss with your own clinician.